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揭秘制成品的成本

13 min read

如果您曾经好奇公司如何确定与生产您每天遇到的产品相关的费用, 你将获得一次启发性的体验.

在本文中, 我们将探讨制造商品的成本, 通常称为商品制造成本 (COGM).

我们将系统地剖析这个概念, 确保我们的探索结束时, 您将对成本计算有全面的了解.

制造商品的成本是由什么构成的?

实际上, the cost of manufacturing goods encompasses all expenditures involved in the production of a product. It resembles an elaborate recipe where you account for all your ingredients, preparation time, and even the expenses associated with maintaining your laboratory’s operations.

This process transcends mere accounting; it serves as the fundamental element in establishing pricing, formulating budgets, and ensuring that your products yield a profit.

Why Is Understanding the Cost of Manufacturing Goods Essential?

1. 定价策略

企业必须了解其制造成本 制定价格 不仅可以支付费用还可以产生利润.

2. 预算专业知识

掌握这些成本使公司能够制定切合实际的预算和财务预测. 考虑在不知道每道菜的成本的情况下尝试为一场奢侈的宴会做预算——这无疑会导致混乱.

3. 成本管理

监控这些成本可以让企业发现提高效率和消除过度开支的机会.

4. 财务预测

了解您的费用对于准确的财务报表和绩效评估至关重要. 它可以作为评估财务策略有效性的预测工具.

制造商品的成本是多少 (COGM)?

现在, 让我们深入研究COGM的细节.

想象自己是一位熟练的厨师,正在准备大量的饼干. COGM 代表与所有成分相关的总费用, 劳动, 以及从头开始制作这些 cookie 所使用的资源.

COGM 是一个定义术语,表示在指定时间范围内生产商品所产生的总成本. 它包含与成品制造相关的所有制造成本(直接和间接). 因此, 它提供了在销售商品之前生产商品所涉及的费用的全面概述.

分解 COGM 的组成部分

直接材料

这些是必要的组成部分. 它们由直接用于生产最终产品的原材料组成. 就 cookie 而言, 这将包括面粉, 糖, 和巧克力片. 在制造环境中, 它可能涉及金属, 塑料, 和其他材料.

直接人工

这是指对直接从事产品生产的个人的补偿. 我们的饼干场景涵盖了烘焙和装饰所花费的时间. 在制造环境中, 涉及到生产线上工人的工资.

制造费用

这代表与运营生产设施相关的间接成本. 包括水电费等费用, 机器折旧, 和工厂供应. 虽然这些成本可能不会立即显现出来, 它们对于确保平稳运行至关重要.

如何计算制造商品的成本

您是否对 COGM 的计算过程感到好奇? 以下是如何将所有内容组合在一起的方法.

1. 确定使用的直接材料

直接材料类似于食谱中的主要成分. 确定使用的数量, 从您的初始原材料库存开始并添加必要的组件.

直接材料使用量的计算如下:

使用的直接材料 = 初始原材料 + 原材料采购 – 结束原材料.

2. 评估直接劳动力成本

下一个, 评估直接劳动力成本, 代表支付给直接参与产品生产的员工的工资. 在制造环境中, 这需要审查工资记录并核算任何加班或额外补偿.

3. 计算制造费用

这包括维持生产所需的所有间接费用, 例如工厂的公用事业成本, 机器折旧, 和维护费用. 这些成本通常使用预定的间接费用率进行分配, 这是通过将总管理费用除以生产的单位数量来确定的.

4. 直接材料之和, 劳动, & 制造费用等于总制造成本

得出总制造成本, 添加直接材料, 直接劳动力, 和制造费用.

总制造成本 = 直接使用的材料 + 直接人工 + 制造费用.

5. 确定制造商品的成本 (COGM)

通过调整在制品库存来确定 COGM. 这涉及添加开始的正在进行的工作 (在制品) 库存并减去期末在制品库存以确定产品制造的最终成本.

COGM = 总制造成本 + 期初 WIP 库存 – 期末在制品库存

让我们用一个实际的例子来说明这个过程:

  • Beginning raw materials inventory: $8,000
  • Purchases of raw materials: $50,000
  • Ending raw materials inventory: $7,000
  • Direct labor costs: $30,000
  • Manufacturing overhead: $20,000
  • Beginning WIP inventory: $4,000
  • Ending WIP inventory: $6,000

To calculate Direct Materials Used:

使用的直接材料 = $8,000 + $50,000 – $7,000 = $51,000

总制造成本:

总制造成本 = $51,000 + $30,000 + $20,000 = $101,000

商品制造成本 (COGM):

总产量= $101,000 + $4,000 – $6,000 = $99,000

在这种情况下, 制造商品的成本相当于 $99,000. 因此, 您已成功确定指定期间的总制造成本.

准确计算 COGM 的重要性

出于多种原因,准确计算 COGM 至关重要:

价格设定

了解实际的制造成本使企业能够制定不仅能覆盖费用还能产生利润的价格, 确保您不会无偿赠送产品.

预算和预测

Precise COGM calculations assist businesses in formulating realistic budgets and financial projections. 在不了解所涉及成本的情况下试图组织一场奢华的活动可能会导致混乱.

成本管理

定期 COGM 评估可以揭示效率低下的情况并突出可降低成本的潜在领域. 这类似于识别不必要的成分,从而增加食谱的成本.

财务报告

准确的成本报告对于财务报表和绩效评估至关重要. 它可以作为您驾驭金融环境的清晰指南.

用于 COGM 计算的资源和工具

许多组织利用 会计软件 和 ERP 系统以促进 COGM 计算. 这些工具使计算过程自动化, 监控开支, 并生成综合报告. 因此, 简化制造成本管理并提高准确性. 它们是优化您的生产工作流程的可靠助手.

1. 会计软件

快书

快书 成为中小型企业领先的会计软件选择. 它包含简化财务监督的各种功能, 例如费用跟踪和库存控制. 用户可以高效监控原材料, 直接人工费用, 和制造费用, 同时还生成有助于计算 COGM 的报告.

赛罗

赛罗 是一个功能强大的会计平台,可提供实时财务见解并轻松与其他业务应用程序集成. 它帮助组织管理其应付账款和应收账款, 监控库存水平, 并评估制造费用. Xero 直观的界面使用户可以轻松访问和解释成本数据, 这对于确定 COGM 至关重要.

新书

新书 特别适合寻求简单会计解决方案的小型企业和自由职业者. 它有助于跟踪支出, 管理发票, 并对成本进行分类, 从而简化 COGM 计算所需数据的编制. 此外, FreshBooks 提供与各种其他工具的集成, 提高监督制造成本的有效性.

2. 企业资源规划 (企业资源计划) 系统

SAP企业资源计划

SAP企业资源计划 为大型组织提供全面的解决方案, 促进多样化业务流程的管理, 包括制造业和金融业. 其模块涵盖从供应链管理到财务会计的所有内容, 提供统一的系统来监控与生产相关的所有成本要素.

SAP ERP 能够生成 COGM 的详细报告, 使其成为大型制造商的宝贵资源.

甲骨文 ERP 云

甲骨文 ERP 云 代表了另一种专为满足复杂业务需求而定制的复杂 ERP 解决方案. 它提供综合财务管理, 采购, 和供应链功能. 该平台使企业能够跟踪和监督制造成本的各个方面. 这包括直接材料, 劳动, 和管理费用,同时为 COGM 计算提供高级报告功能.

微软动态 365

微软动态 365 是一款多功能 ERP 解决方案,支持组织管理其运营, 包括财务和供应链流程. 它提供了用于跟踪与生产相关的成本的工具, 通过其综合报告功能促进 COGM 分析.

3. 库存管理系统

网络套件

网络套件 是一个基于云的 库存管理解决方案 提供对库存水平的实时洞察, 订单状态, 和成本跟踪. 该系统协助企业监督原材料, 监控在制品库存, 并准确计算制造成本. The advanced analytics and reporting features of NetSuite are essential for precise calculations of the Cost of Goods Manufactured (COGM).

TradeGecko (now QuickBooks Commerce)

TradeGecko, which has been integrated with QuickBooks, is tailored for inventory management and order fulfillment. It enables businesses to monitor inventory costs, manage stock levels, and analyze cost data effectively. The platform’s robust reporting functionalities facilitate the calculation and tracking of COGM, providing a comprehensive view of manufacturing expenses.

Fishbowl

Fishbowl is an inventory management solution that seamlessly integrates with widely-used accounting software such as QuickBooks. It includes features for tracking inventory, managing orders, and calculating costs. Fishbowl’s tools are instrumental for businesses in overseeing raw materials and work-in-progress inventory, which are vital for accurate COGM assessments.

4. Cost Management Tools

CostPerform

CostPerform 是一种专门的成本管理工具,可帮助企业分析和优化其成本结构. 它提供了对成本分配的深入见解, 间接费用, 和直接成本. 通过利用 CostPerform, 公司可以生成精确的 COGM 报告并查明成本提高的领域, 从而改善整体财务管理.

阿洛卡迪亚

阿洛卡迪亚 专注于营销绩效和成本管理. 尽管其主要重点是营销支出, 其成本分配和跟踪原则可以适用于更广泛的成本管理应用. Allocadia 的分析功能可以通过提供对成本效率和分配的见解来帮助实现准确的 COGM 计算.

应用

应用 提供一整套用于 IT 成本管理的工具, 可以扩展到涵盖更广泛的成本跟踪和分析. 它支持企业有效分配成本和分析财务数据.

深入了解制成品成本

综上所述, 该综合指南深入了解与制造商品相关的成本以及计算制造商品成本的方法. 我们已经探索了基本组成部分, 进行相关计算, 并认识到这些概念的重要性.

无论您是经验丰富的金融专业人士还是渴望学习的新手, 掌握制造货物成本的计算对于有效的成本管理和实现业务成功至关重要.

这些知识将使您能够应对复杂的制造费用, 做出明智的决定, 并在提高组织的增长和盈利能力方面发挥至关重要的作用.

所以, 下一次这个学期 “商品制造成本” 出现在谈话中, 您一定对底层流程有清晰的了解.

 

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About the author

Max has been working in the ecommerce industry for the last six years helping brands to establish and level-up content marketing and SEO. Despite that, he has experience with entrepreneurship. He is a fiction writer in his free time.

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